LONEITUTE THIAN
Loneitu hriattur puanchhuahna
Loneitu hriattur puanchhuahna
A to bul : Serthlum leh Ser lam chi tam ber hi an tobul chu China ram khi a ni a. India hmarchhakah hian Ser chi hrang tam tak a tual to hmuh chhuah a ni ve bawk a, ser lam chi tam tak tobul pawh ni ngeia rin tel a ni.
Mizoramah pawh kan chin tanna a rei ve tawh hle a. Tlawng leh Tut lui dungah leh Hachhek tlangdungah te hlawhtling taka chin a ni thin. Chin hmasak ho chu a tam hriin a thi deuh vek tawh a. A hnua chin leh ho pawh tunah hian a chhe leh mek zel a. Hemi chungchangah hian Horticulture Department lam pawhin chutiang hrasatna sut kianna kawng chu a dap mek zel a. Serthlum phun tur chi tha tih pun leh Tissue Culture atanga siam chhuah te hrisel leh tha chauh pek chhuah a tum a ni.
Ser lam chinte hi hri leh hrai ngah tak mai an ni ve hrim hrim a. Serthlum hlawkpui lehzual turin a bul tan that a tul angin a tawp hlen chhuah a ngai a. Tuna kan ser tam tak chhiat mekna hi chu a chingtuten fimkhur nachang an lo hriat loh avanga a tuai thar leh (rejuvenate) pawh harsa lak lawh tawh niin a lang.
Leilung, Boruak leh Sik leh Sa :
| Hmun san lam | 600 | 1100m |
| Boruak lum leh vawt tehna | 14 | 30 ℃ |
| Ruahtui | 250cm | |
| Soil acidity | 250cm | 5.5 - 6.5 pH |
Serthlum hian lei tak tha chhahna, lei duh tha leh lei ban lo, tui hip ral zung zung thei hmun, leithawleng lutuk si lo leh awih lutuk lo, lei al lam aiin thur lam deuh, (7pH - hi neutral soil - al lo, thur lo a ni), boruak lum leh vawt inchawih tawkna hmun (sub-tropical climate) leh hmun hniam hnawng tamna aiin hmun thengthaw lam, tlak deng ni kang lam aiin chhuah chhawng emaw zel em lam (sub-montane), tlang sang leh zo lutuk lo, kum khat chhunga ruahtui insem rualkhai taka a tlakna leh tui lak tur awm theihna hmunte duhthusam a ni.
A phun dan tur ruahmanna : Mizorama kan serthlum te kum ¾ vel an han vanglai a, rawih lam an pan leh mai thinte, a thente phei chu rah pawh chhuah hman loa an chhe leh mai thinte hi a phun tur kan thlan uluk loh vang leh enkawlna lam (management) kan ngaihthah vang hi ni berin mithiamten min hmuhpui dan a ni.
A bi kar 18ft. danah a khur 2-3ft. a thuk leh zau in laih lawk tur a ni. A bi hi laih hma-in contour line ah a kar hlat zawng teh fela peg khen thlap phawt tur a ni. A khur hi phun hma kar 5-6 (ni 35-50) ah laih lawk a, kar 1 chhung tal thal ni sa em thianghlim emaw mei chhem tur a ni a. Chumi hnuah a khur chu hetiang hian hnawh chauh tur a ni - a mawng berah tui a tlin loh nante hnawng paitu a tan leh tlumpi leh vualte ven nan ½ -1ft. chu lung (kut tum aia lian lo) leh meihawl tin ½-1 a hnawh phawt nise. A chung lehah Compost kt 40-50, Neem Cake kg 5, Bone Meal2.5 kg. Rock phosphate 1 kg leh lei chunglang leitha pawlhin 10cm a pawnga hnawh tur a ni. Hei hi phun hma ni 10 velah tal zawh fel a, ruah pawn lo chhilh hman se a tha a ni. Tahhian a lai takah laih khuar leh a, uluk taka phun tur a ni. Compost tawih tha lo chu hman hauh loh tur a ni. Kum 2-3 vel atanga khur kan lo buatsaih lawk a nih chuan Compost pit siam dan pangngaiin hnim awm ang ang te hmang tangkaiin tawih tha takin lo hnawhkhah lawk a tha bawk a, phun zawh veleh tui pek ngei tur a ni a, phun hun tha ber chu fur tan tir lam May - June a ni. Ruah tam vanglai chuan phun loh a tha a, chu ai chuan fur hlan leh lamah phun a tha zawk a ni. Tui pek tur nei leh pe thei tan chuan zik no a chhuah tan hma February - March thlaa phun hian phun kumah a nung nghet in a thang hman awk thin.
Enkawl zui dan tul zualte :
1) A tiak phun tur chu a kung rah tha leh rah tam thin, kum 20-30 inkara upa, kung hrisel atanga lak nise, a tiak pawh uluk leh dik taka enkawl a, a tha thlan (selection) ni bawk se.
2) A kung zawm / a mit bel atanga siam chhuah anih pawhin a mit bel tur (bud wood) lakna kungpui kha natna laka fihlim leh rah tha bawk a ni tur a ni a. A chin hriat chian loh chu phun mai mai loh tur a ni.
3) Kawlawm anih chuan a tang bawr chhawr leh upa lo, ngil tha, pencil tiat vel 1 ft - 1½ a sei, a kung hrisel leh rah tha bawk hman tur a ni a. Nursery polypot a dah phawt tur a ni. Phun atang chuan lei ro rei lo thei ang bera tui pek thin tawh tur a ni a. A kung bul hnim emaw polythene a khuh (mulching) pawh tih ngei tur a ni.
4) Kum khatah lei tha vawithum February - March, July - August leh October - November thlaah te pek thin tur a ni. A kung len dan a zirin a zung thlen chin awm vel zelah 4cm a thuka laih kual (ring system) ah leitha te dah a leia chhilh hnuah (mulching) a khuh leh tur a ni a. Tui pawh pek ngei tur a ni a, leitha pek tur chu a khur hnawh nana hman ang hi sem zai mai a ni.
5) A peng dik lo, dawng sei nuak chi (water sucker/water sprouts) te paih thin tur.
6) Ser tiak phun te chu lei seh chin atanga 30cm. aia hniama peng te paih zel tur.
7) Bordeaux paste in a kung bul kum 1-ah vawi thum-January - February, May - June leh September - October ah te zut ngei tur a ni. Hei hian a kung nget, a zung natna, bawng phar leh natna, bawng phar leh natna tam tak a veng a ni.
8) Vah leh hal faia kan phun anih chuan Balhla te phun tel a tha a. Thing hnah sin lam chi Kangtek/Thingkha te a khat tawka zuah/phun a tha bawk.
9) Rannung leh natna hrang hrang ven uluk em em tur. Wood vinegar/Neem Oil/Bordeaux mixture ten kah fo tur a ni.
10) A par hma ni 40 chhung chu tui pek chawlh san tur a ni. (February - 1st . week of March). Hemi hma leh hnu chiahah erawh tui tam tak tak pek tur a ni.
11) A rah lawh hma a tha ber a, a rahin a zar te a uai tliak loh nan uluk taka do tur a ni. A kunga lawn lovin leihlawn hmanga lawh a tha a, kuang tawite pu tel a cut-a tha bawk. Seng zawh veleh a tuai thar leh nghal theih nan leitha, tui leh nutrient spray (wood vinegar/Vermi wash/Neem extract) te pek nghal tur a ni. A tang ro leh bawrchhawr te paih fai vek a, Bordeaux mixture pawlha kah tur a ni.
12) A rah puitling tawh tla thin te ven nan 2,4D 10-20ppm (1-2mg leh tui 100-200 lits pawlh) in September - October ah vawithum kah tur a ni.
13) A kung enkawl leh leitha/tui pek awlsam nan Halfmoon terrace siam ngei ngei a tha a, chu chuan lei chunglang luangral tur a veng tel bawk.
14) Kumtin lei thur ven nan leh lei ti tha tu ni bawk Dolomite 5kgs. kung tinah pek bawk tur a ni.
15) Kan hriat ngei ngei tur chu a enkawlna senso zawng zawng 40% hi a chaw mamawh phuhruk nan hman tur a ni.
Serthlum hrisel lohna chhan emaw chhiat mekna (citrus decline) chhan tlangpuite hetiang hian a khaikhawm theih ang :
Ruahtui tam lutuk leh fur chhung rei lutuk (6 - 7 months).
Ruahtui chauh rin vang leh thal chhung rei lutuk thin (5 - 6 months) leh hemi chhunga tui pek thin loh vang.
Ruahtui tam vang leh hmun awih lutuk (60 - 70% slopes) a chin vanga leitha luan ral tam vang.
Leilung thawleng lutuk a chin vang/ a khur mumal laih loh.
A chi hrisel lo atanga tiak (seedling) hman vang leh a phun tur thianghlim leh hrisel tha awm loh vang.
Lei thur lutuk siam thatna (amendments of acidic soil) neih loh vang.
A zung tihchhum/tih pem thin vang.
Chaw tlakchham vang - chawpui leh chaw te (major & minor elements) emaw chaw inbuk tawk loh vang.
A bawm chhetu rannung leh natnate laka enkawl that tawk loh vang leh Tristeza leh Greening natnate leh a zung natna (Phytopthora) a awm vang.
A rah lawh har thin vanga a kungin a tuar thin vang.
Phun zin lutuk vang.
Hnim enkawl fai tawk loh vang.
Thlai dang chin pawlh dan dik tawk loh vang.
A tangro leh a hun lo leh a chawr lohna tura chawr te paih (pruning) loh vang emaw a hun taka prune loh vang leh thianghlimna vawn loh vanga natna tihdarh vang.
Kan khawvel lumna/ni satna zual zel (global warming) a tuar zawh loh vang emaw chhiatna hrang hrang a thlen vang.
A hmun leilung thlan dik loh vang.
Mi tam takin kan huan thatna turte kan ngaihthah hrim hrim vang.
Heng zawng zawngte hi uluk takin han ngaihtuah vang vang la, tih tur i tih loh leh tih loh tur tih tam tak i neih i hre nghal ngei ang a, thiamna sang zawk leh thu awihna, tih tak meuh a tulzia te nen hriatna mai a tawk loh zia pawh i hre chhuak ngei ang le
1. Ruahtui avanga lei chunglang leitha leh thlai chaw nutrients ral nasa thin leh lei a tui dul avanga a zung leh a bul seha natna thlen thei Phytopthora natnate a pian phah thin ven a ngai.
Enkawlna :
Fur intan dawnah a kung bul lei rih pawn deuh a, a kungchhakah tui luanna tur V letling (^) angin sial tur a ni. Hei hi hmun zawl leh lei nghet deuh hmunah a pawimawh zual nain awih tlan leh lei thawleng deuh hmunah pawh a pawimawh tho a ni.
Terrace/ Halfmoon terrace/ changkham/ Contour trench/ Strip cropping/ Water harvesting dam/ Vegetable cover (eg- Japan hlo khuh tir) te neih a tha a, tlangchhip takahte hi chuan ngaw pangngai zuah hram a tha fo bawk.
2. Thlasik leh thal chhunga tui pek ngei tum tur a ni a. Drip Irrigation System a tha ber a, khawro leh ni sat dan azira pek tam tur a ni. A kung bul khuh (mulching) te a tha bawk.
3. Lei thawleng lutuk hian (awih pangah a ni zual) hnawng leh chaw a pai thei lova, chuvangin khur laih leh hnawh uluk zual a ngai.
4. A chi tha a pawimawh em avangin phun tur tha, hrisel leh thianghlim hriat chian loh phun ai chuan, phun loh mai zawk hial chi a ni. A chi atanga inthlahchhawng zel tiak (seedling) phei hi chuan natna te a ngam loh ve laklawh tawh bakah a rah harin, a tawi buk lam ni lova a san lutuk thin avangte hian a thar hlawk lovin a enkawl leh lawh vel pawh a harsa a ni. Chuvangin, thar hma, tawi buk leh Phytopthora leh natna dang do chak tura a mit bel (budded) phun ngei tum nise a tha. A tiak kum 3 aia upa, in dip ria tawh phei chu phun hauh loh tur a ni.
5. Lei thur lutuk tireh a, lei te tidur tha tur leh thlai chaw te thet darh turin kumtin ser kung 1-ah Dolomite 5kgs. pek thin tur a ni.
6. Chaw tha inbuktawk leh hunbi mumal taka pek hi kan tih makmawh tur a ni. Hetiang hian Manures leh fertilizers te pek thin tur a ni ang.
| Ser upat zawng (kum) |
Ser kung khat zel tan kum khat chhunga pek zat tura | |||
(kg/plant) |
(g/plant) |
g.plant |
g.plant |
|
Source : Department of Horticulture
Mizoram : Aizawl
Ek dur tawih hi chu engtik hunah pawh a pek theih a, mahse lei nen uluk taka chawhpawlh tur a ni. Fertilizers te hi chu dose thumah thenin March - April, June - July leh Sept.- Oct. ahte pek tur a ni a. Ser puitling ah chuan a kung atanga 100 - 125cm. a hla leh 10 - 20 cm. a thukah leitha te hi phulin, tui pek nghal ngei tur a ni. Lei thur zual zel ven nan SSP aiah Rock Phosphate hman zawk a tha bawk. Tin, kan ser te hian Nitrogen an tlachham deuh vek a, chuvangin, kung 1-a tawih dur 40kgs. leh Nitrogen 1kg chauh pek pawhin a let a thar tir thei a ni.
Heng chawpui (major nutrients) bakah hian chaw te (micronutrients) chawhpawlh 1000g. zinc sulphate (0.5%), Magnesium Sulphate (0.5%), leh Mangnese sulphate (0.5%), 800g Copper Sulphate (0.4%), 20g Borax (0.1%), leh Chinai 100g te tui 200 litres nena pawlhin March - April leh Sept - October ah te kah tur a ni a, a vawihnih kahnaah hian 200g Urea telh bawk nise.
Leitha pek emaw hlo thlawh in a zungte tih khem/chhum lo tura fimkhur tur a ni.
7. Ser rah puitling ina a kung/zar a uai rei thin hi a ngeih lohzia chu kan hrechiang a; chuvangin, lawh hma/hralh hman dan ngaihtuah a ngai a ni.
8. Thlai te hian chaw, tui boruak leh ni eng a inchuh ve a, chuvangin a zing lam hret ai chuan a tawk chiah emaw a aia khat lam hreta phun hi a tha ber fo.
9. Lei ti luangral awl chi thlai Sawhthing, Aieng leh Bal lam chi leh thlai chaw heh chi - Vaimim, Lakhuihthei ang chi te chin pawlh loh a tha a. Terrace fel takte kan lai a nih chuan Be lam chi Bean, Chana leh Bekang te chin a tha a. A zar hliah tu a Balhla te kan lo ching anih pawhin Ser hnaih lutukah awm lose, tin kum 4 - 5 na velah chuan a hnawk deuh chu paih zel tawh tur a ni. Thing hnah hlai lam chi te pawh zuah tel loh a tha bawk.
10. A tang ro-ahte hian a natna hrik awmin hma a sawn tir zel thin avangin a ro lo chin 2cm velah tan khalh tur a ni a. A tang dawng nguakte pawh rannung leh natna (a vut buak) kai awlsam anih avangin paih zel tur a ni. Phunsawn atanga kum 3 chhunga buk siam fel tur a, a tang paih chuan a hnuah siam a ngai tawh hran lo. A rah lawh zawh Dec - Feb. te hi a tang paih hun a ni. Water Sucker tih loh chu fur lai ten cut zen tur a ni lo, chutilo chu a hun lovah chawr a siam a, natna leh rannung a pung duh. Kung 1 hleh zawh apiangin chem./secateur te tihthianghlim zel tur a ni. A tang lian deuh hlek chin (2cm. thick) chu Bordeaux Paste hnawih nghal zel tur a ni a, cut zawhah Bordeaux Mixture emaw Bavistin in kah ziah tur a ni.
11. Khawlum nasa zel hian Serthlum chin theihna hi a duh zo ve zel niin a lang a. Chuvangin, boruak vawng dai turin tui, ramngaw leh a zar hlimtu siam sak a ngai deuh deuh a ni. A hmun thlan thuah pawh tlak deng leh chhim chhawng lam ai chuan chhuah chhawng leh zel em lam thlan fo tur a ni. Tin, leilung dai leh leitha chhahna leh awih lutuk lo, tuilak tur awm thei te thlan a tul zual ta a ni.
12. Rul-a raw neih mai mai tur leh awlsam tea a rah lawh leh tawp mai thin tum tan chuan huan siam loh law law mai hi a finthlak zawk ang le.
13. A bawm chhetu rannung leh natna te :
a) Citrus psylla : Diaphorina citrikuwuyama (Hemiptera : Psyllidate)
Hei hi Ser eichhetu rannung zinga a chimawm ber pakhat a ni a, ‘Greening’ natna thlentu virus - an thehdarh thin vang a ni.
A note phek, bial deuh, hrik ang tak, Serthlum rawng hian a hnah kir, tla leh tangro a awm tir thin. Khawizu ang tak var an ti chhuak a, chu chuan hmuar dum natna a awm tir a, thlai chaw siam a tibuai nasa hle.
A puitling a nu (2.5 - 3) leh a pa (4mm) hi rawng buang, lu zum, taksa aia thla sei an ni a. Ser hnah hnuai lamah an bet ber. Kumtluanin an awm thei nain thlasik (Dec - Jan) laiin an thang muangin an dam chhuak tlem a, March - Sept. ah hian an tam ber. Enkawl loh chuan Ser kung zawng zawng an thi vek thei a ni. Ser rah a ti tla nasa thei hle bawk.
Enkawl dan :
1. Rogor (67ml) emaw Malathion 50ml. tui litre 50 a pawlha vawi thum kah tur.
(i) Feb - March (Chawrno lai), (ii) May - June (fur ruah tlak hma) (iii) July - August (fur ruah tlak hnu)
2. Nuvacron 10ml. emaw Malathion 6.5ml leh tui litre 10 pawlha kah tur.
b) Citrus Leaf Miner : Ser huan naupang leh upa ah hmuh tur a awm vek. Ser hnah hnuai lamah pangang anih laiin a hnah an eichhe thin a, zigzag angin a kual kawi ngiai thin. Hnah zung a lo dangin a in vial a, a lo ro in a tla thin. Rannung dang Mealy bug & Psytlla ten tawmbuk ah an hmang a, a hnah hlui ten natna Canker leh a dang a awm tir thei bawk. March - Nov thleng an bei deuh ber thin. A pangang chu a tet laiin a var a, a len hnuah 5.1mm a sei, a eng emaw a hring dang a ni thin. A puitling chu lungphur te takte, mit dum, thlahniar var, a hmawr val dum a ni.
Enkawl dan :
i) Citrus Psylla Control na ang.
ii) Neem Cake 300grm, tui litre 5-a pawlh emaw Dimecron 1.22ml., tui litre 1-a pawlha kah tur.
c) Trunk Borer : Mizoram a Ser tichhe nasa bertu nia sawi a ni. A nu in Ser hawng chhungah a malin a tui a, a lungin a kung a khamphei zawnga a verh hnuin a chho zawngin a verh leh a, Ser kung an eichhe thin. A puitling chu Sephung lam chi, che muang tak, Ser hnah, a zung tel lova eikawlh thin a ni.
Enkawl dan :
A kung nget kih a, halral.
Chawlhkar 2-3 inkar dana vawi 2 Methyl Parathion emaw Fenthion 5ml. tui litre 1-ah pawlhin kah tur.
A nget kua-a Nuvan emaw Nuvacron emaw khawnvartui thun luh a, chirh a bel phui tur.
Ser kung metre 2 chin thleng Sevin 10ml, tui litre 1 pawlha hnawih a tha.
May - June thla vela a buk sawi a, a puitling thah leh a lung nget thirzaia kawmchhuah.
Garg (1978) chuan Ser ei chhe theitu Nematode species 17 hmuhchhuah a ni a. Heng zinga pahnih Ser tam thlentu chauh hi lo tarlang ila :
a) Citrus Nematode : A nu in a ring leh a lu pumin Ser zung a eichhe ber a, a hrawk vela hipna tha tak hmangin thlai chakna (nutrient) a hip chhuak thin. T. Semipenetrans te hi hmanruaa lei kai, ran, thlai tui pek leh thlai tiak atangin an darh thin. Ser an beih nasat tawh zung chu nuai ila, a pil a khawk thuai thin a. Ser duahna a la bova, a hnah a eng a, a ro va, a tla thin. A tang a rovin a rah a te a, a rah insiam puitlin hmain a eng a, a thar hlawk lo thin a ni. A zung a dum a, a tawiin a chhah bik thin. Ser an hliam avang hian Ganoderma root rot lo awmin an thih hma phah thei bawk.
Ser tam nasa tawhah chuan Nematode hi a tlem tawh zawk mah a ni. Lei 1500 gm. a tlin tawh chuan Ser tam a thlen thei a ni.
Enkawl dan :
1) Ser tiak hrisel chauh phun tura nursery atanga tan lak.
2) Bawkbawn, Tomato, Hmarcha & Vaihlo chin pawlh loh tur.
3) Phun sawn hmain Ser tiak chu tui lum 45℃- ah 25 minutes emaw 49℃ ah 10 minutes chiah tur.
4) Hmanrua damdawia tihthianghlim.
5) Resistant root stock Trifoliate Orange, Ser tuibur hman a tha.
b) The Burrowing Nemotode : A nu hian hmui (stylet) zum takin Ser zung a dawt thin a, Ser hnah a lo tlemin a te a, a rah pawh a te. A tang leh a zar a ro thin. A than dan 40-70% in a tla hniam a, khawkheng hlekah a vuai thuai a, thi lovin ruahtui tlakah an harh leh thin. Kumtin 10-20 mtr velin a darh zau zel thin. A zung a khi a, natna dang Fusarium & Sclerotium in a bawh zui a, a tawih thin.
Enkawl dan :
i) A darh tur ven nan ser tiak zung chu tui lum 50℃ ah minute 10 chhung chiah a, tui vawtah minute 10 chiah leh nghal vat emaw Ethoprop emaw Fensulfothion tuia chiah a tha.
ii) Thlai tiak hrisel chauh phun.
iii) Hmanruate Sodium hydrochloride (2.65%) a tih thianghlim tur.
iv) Ser tam kung paih a halral, hmun awlah thla 6 chhung thlai chin lova, kum hnih hnuah chauh ser phun tur.
a) Powdery Mildew : He natna hi Mizoram ah a lar hle a, kumtin ser hnah chawr no thar leh a hnah dangte February - April thla velah a bel thin a, ser tichhetu ber pakhat a ni. Ser chik chawr no-ah leh a kung bul a peng thangduang (water shoot) a bei hmasa a. Vutbuak angin a hnah chunglam a var thut thin. A hnah a vuaiin a til a, a tang a lo ro thin. A rah a puitling tha lo bawk. Natna hrik hi thliin a chhem darh thei a, tin, ser a cham bang kum dangah a lo inlar chhuak leh thin bawk.
Enkawl dan :
i) January thla atangin ngun taka en a, a lo lan veleh ni 10-12 inkar danah vawi 3 tal (Calixin) 1 ml. leh tui litre 1 palh emaw Sulphur 25 grms. tui litre 10 a pawlhin a ser buk pum pui kah chhuah vek tur.
ii) Ser rah lawh zawh veleh a tang ro, a hring china tan khalh tur a ni a, a hnah tla te nen hal ral vek a, Bavistin 1 gm. tui litre 1 a kah nghal tur. A kung pum pui uluk taka kah kim vek tur a ni a, ser puitling kung khatah damdawi chawhpawlh sa 7-8 litre a tawk vel.
iii) Natnain a beih nasat viau chuan Sulphur (Thiovit 5 gm leh tui litre 1) emawa kah tur a ni.
b) Gumosis : Phytoptora rot, foot rot, collar rot, crown rot, brown rot leh Phytopthora gumosis tiin an sawi bawk thin. A chunga natna hrikte hi Mizoram hmun hrang hrang Kawnpui, Melthum, Damdiai, Sateek, Muallungthu leh Tuirial khua ser hmun atanga hmuhte an ni. Thlai chaw leh tui hipna thlai zung an bei deuh ber a, Thlai kuitiahna (nursery) atanga darh a ni ber. Ser kung lei hnaih lam hawngah thil tuihnang a lo val a, rawng buang a lo nihin a hawng khi karah hnai/sa- um tui ang deuh a lo chhuak a, a hawng a khawk thin a, a zar leh zung thleng a darh thei. Natna a lan hlek pawhin a duahna a hloh a, a rah a tlem phah thin. Thlai hnah dal deuhin a lo eng tan a, a hnah zung leh a bul hnai engin a bak zawng a hring a, Nitrogen tlakchham nen a in ang hle. A nasat hnu chuan a tang a rova, a kung pumpuiin a thih phah thin. Lemon, Sweet Orange, Grape fruit leh Mandarin te hian he natna hi an tuar thei lo em em a, Sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin leh Trifoliate orange rootstock te hian an pawisa vak lo thung.
Enkawl dan :
i) Ser tiak phun hmain a khurah Zinc Sulphate, Copper sulphate leh chinai 5:1:4 chawhpawlh phul tur.
ii) Hlo thlawh leh leitha pekin ser zung chaw hipna tihpem/hliam/tihchhum loh hram tur.
iii) Hnai sa-um ang deuh lo chhuahna a pil kha chemte hriam taka ziah thlak a, tihfai hnuah Ridomil MZ-72 diak emaw Bordeaux paste (10:10:100) bel tur a ni.
iv) Ser kung lei atanga 60 - 100 cm. chin fur ruahtui tlak hma leh hnuah Bordeaux paste kum 1-ah vawi thum hnawih ziah tur.
v) Ser zung tawih bul vel lei chunglang 4 inches chin chu dim taka lak sawn a, a zung hrisel lo lai thel fai a, Bordeaux paste hnawih tur.
vi) Ridomil MZ 72, 2.75 grm tui litre 1 leh Bavistin 1 grm. tui litre 1 a siam chawhpawlh 9 - 10 litres vela siam chu a buk kah nan 4 litre hmang la, a bak 5 - 6 litres chu leiah kah tur a ni.
c) Tristeza : Tristeza Virus (Clostero Virus)
He Virus in natna a thlen dan hi ser a zirin a danglam thei a. Sweet orange, sour orange rootstock nena zawmah chuan hnah chawr no awm lovin a hnah a sen eng deuh a, a hnah zung a eng zual bik leh a. Tichuan, a hnah pumpui engin a tla a, a tang a ro thin. A thar tlem phah hle. Indian Kagzi lime leh Citron ah chuan a pil chhung lamah khuai thlar ang deuhvin khuar chek a awm thin. Tin, a zung a tawihin a thi bawk thin. A nasaah chuan a kung pumpui a thi thin. Virus hi Aphid (Aphid citricidius Kirk) in a theh darh thin.
Enkawl dan :
i) Virus pawisa lo rootstock Rough Lemon, Sweet Orange, Cleopatra Mandarin, Rangpur Lime, Trifoliate orange, Citranges etc. hman a, an ngeih lo zawng Sour orange leh Sweet Lime te hman loh tur.
ii) Natna thehdarhtu rannung te thah tur.
d) Thlangdar : Nezera Viridula (Linnaeus) :
Hei hi Mizo in Thlangdar hring kan tih hi a ni a. India ram pumpuiah Serthlum a tihchhiat hi report a ni. He Thlangdar, a nu puitling hi vawi lehkhatah 300 lai a tui thin a, ser hnah hnuai lamah emaw a bul hnai remchangah a tui ber thin. A tui atanga lo piang hi larva (lung) ni lovin, thla nei teuh teuh (nymph) a ni. Chaw ei lovin a tui karah hian ni rei tak a khawsa thin. Ser rah a zuk tawh apiang chu a lo bawlin a lo piangsual bawk a, han ei chhin ila a kha em em thin. Chumai chu nilovin, natna dang bacteria leh fungi natna a lo lut vat bawk thin. Tichuan, Ser a lo tawih a, a puitlin hmain a tla vek thin a ni. A tui hi enchian chuan Barel ang mai hi a ni. A puitling tur chu a hring nghalh mai a, 13 to 18 mm, a sei a lo senduk hial thin. Kum khat chhungin a pui hian vawi 5 lai no a hring thin.
Leptoglossus australis (Fabricus) : Hei pawh hi Mizoram ah kan tuar nasa hle a, India ram mai bakah South Africa, Malaysia leh Queensland ah te pawh an tuar hle a ni. A hmaa mi ang tho khan a inthlahpun dan chu a ni a, a puitling hian ser rah a beih tawh chu a thang zui tawh lo reng reng a ni. He thlangdar hi a tet laia sen thir ther kha a lo puitlin chuan a lo dum deuh thin a ni. Han khawih vel pawh hian a rimchhia in a hriam hreih a ni. A puitling hi a hma ami aiin a lian a, 20 - 25 mm. a sei a ni. An dam rei lova, an puitlin hnu phei chuan thlakhat bak an dam meuh lo a ni. He rannung hi a puitlin hma thla a neih teuh teuh atanga a thih dawn thlengin serthlum rah a bei thin.
A tihrem dan (Control) : ICAR mithiamte pawhin a control na tha bera an recommend chu 0.5% Endosulfan 35 EC a ni a. Hei hi Mizoram a huan neituten an lo hmang thin hi a dik chiah a ni. A puitlin tawh hnu chuan enkawl a harsa thin.